Covariance Calculator

Formula

Σ((x−μx)(y−μy))/N

Worked example

x 1,2,3; y 2,4,6 — 1.3333333333333333

Quick answer

What does the Covariance Calculator do?

Calculate population covariance for paired values.

What is the Covariance Calculator?

Calculate population covariance for paired values. Use it when you have the required inputs and want a deterministic, repeatable result with the calculation method visible.

How to use this calculator

Enter the values requested by the tool, keep units and time periods consistent, resolve any validation message, calculate, then review the primary answer together with the displayed formula and supporting values.

Formula and method

This calculator uses the deterministic formula Σ((x−μx)(y−μy))/N. Enter the required values, then review the displayed substitution and result breakdown to verify the calculation.

Worked example

x 1,2,3; y 2,4,6 1.3333333333333333

Common mistakes to avoid

Check units, decimal points, percentages, signs, date/time order, selector choices, and rounding. For important decisions, verify the result against an independent source or qualified professional when appropriate.